My dissertation, titled, For the Forest, the Trees, or the People: The Quilombolization of an Amazonian Peasantry, is based on ethnographic fieldwork since 2012 with descendants of quilombo (maroon) communities in the Amazonian municipality of Gurupá, Brazil. The Brazilian government recognizes quilombos as “traditional populations” and grants them collective title to their historically-occupied territory. In the case of Gurupá, quilombo recognition was the outcome of a broader NGO campaign for environmental sustainability against rampant illegal logging. Quilombo communities were granted land titles on the assumption they would maintain a low-impact and subsistence-oriented way of life. After the NGO left the region, however, quilombos forged partnerships with a private Brazilian logging company for the large-scale extraction of trees from collectively-owned quilombo territory. During fieldwork, I used these logging partnerships as a lens through which to analyze quilombo environmental politics and the socio-environmental effects of quilombo legal recognition. The main thesis of the dissertation is that the quilombo land title is a mechanism of environmental governance that regulates the use and access of forest resources through an emerging political economy in which “traditional people” exchange resources in a bid for infrastructure development and cash payments.